Background and Context
Haydn’s Opus 20, No. 1, known as the “Military Symphony,” is a significant work in the composer’s career. Composed in 1790, it is one of the earliest symphonies to be labeled as “programmatic,” meaning it tells a story or paints a picture through its music. The symphony is often associated with the military music of the time, reflecting the sounds of drums, trumpets, and other instruments typically found in military bands.
Structure and Form
The symphony is in four movements, each with its unique characteristics:
| Movement | Form | Key |
|---|---|---|
| Allegro con brio | Sonata-allegro form | G major |
| Adagio | Sonata-allegro form | E flat major |
| Menuetto: Allegretto | Menuet form | C major |
| Finale: Presto | Sonata-allegro form | G major |
Allegro con brio
The first movement, “Allegro con brio,” opens with a bold fanfare, introducing the main theme. The theme is a series of short, rhythmic motifs that are repeated and developed throughout the movement. The development section features a dramatic shift in dynamics and tempo, leading to a powerful climax. The movement concludes with a return to the main theme, followed by a coda that brings the movement to a satisfying conclusion.
Adagio
The second movement, “Adagio,” is a lyrical and expressive piece. It begins with a slow, flowing melody that is accompanied by a gentle accompaniment. The movement is in ternary form, with a central section that features a contrasting theme. The movement concludes with a return to the opening melody, bringing the movement to a peaceful close.
Menuetto: Allegretto
The third movement, “Menuetto: Allegretto,” is a lively and dance-like piece. It is in the form of a minuet, with a stately and formal character. The movement features a series of short, rhythmic motifs that are repeated throughout. The movement concludes with a coda that brings the movement to a playful and cheerful end.
Finale: Presto
The final movement, “Finale: Presto,” is a fast and energetic piece. It opens with a bold fanfare, introducing the main theme. The theme is a series of short, rhythmic motifs that are repeated and developed throughout the movement. The development section features a dramatic shift in dynamics and tempo, leading to a powerful climax. The movement concludes with a return to the main theme, followed by a coda that brings the symphony to a thrilling and exciting conclusion.
Orchestration
The symphony is scored for a large orchestra, including two flutes, two oboes, two bassoons, two French horns, two trumpets, timpani, and strings. The use of the French horns and trumpets is particularly notable, as they are used to depict the military sounds of drums and trumpets. The orchestra is also used to create a rich and full sound, enhancing the overall impact of the symphony.
Reception and Legacy
Haydn’s Opus 20, No. 1, was well-received by both audiences and critics of the time. It was one of the first symphonies to be performed in public, and it was highly praised for its originality and innovation. The symphony has since become a staple of the orchestral repertoire and is often performed and recorded by orchestras around the world. Its influence can be seen in the works of other composers, including Beethoven and Brahms, who were inspired by Haydn’s use of programmatic elements in his music.