Understanding the Structure
Beethoven’s Op. 111, a piano sonata, is a masterpiece that has captivated listeners for centuries. This composition, written in the key of B鈾?major, is often celebrated for its intricate structure and profound emotional depth. To delve into the harmonic analysis of this piece, it is essential to understand its overall structure.
The sonata is divided into three movements: an opening allegro, a slow movement, and a final rondo. The first movement, marked as “Allegro ma non tanto,” sets the tone for the entire piece with its dynamic and expressive nature. The second movement, “Adagio sostenuto,” is a serene and introspective piece, while the third movement, “Rondo: Allegro,” is a lively and rhythmic conclusion.
Harmonic Analysis of the First Movement
The first movement is in sonata form, which consists of an exposition, development, and recapitulation. The harmonic analysis of this movement reveals several key features.
| Measure | Harmony | Function |
|---|---|---|
| 1-4 | B鈾?major | Thematic statement |
| 5-8 | E鈾?minor | Contrast |
| 9-12 | B鈾?major | Return to the main theme |
The movement begins with a bold statement in B鈾?major, followed by a contrasting section in E鈾?minor. This contrast is resolved with a return to the main theme in B鈾?major. The development section further explores these themes, introducing new harmonies and textures. The recapitulation brings back the original themes, but with some modifications, creating a sense of continuity and development.
Harmonic Analysis of the Second Movement
The second movement, “Adagio sostenuto,” is a lyrical and expressive piece. Its harmonic analysis reveals a more complex and intricate structure.
| Measure | Harmony | Function |
|---|---|---|
| 1-4 | B鈾?major | Thematic statement |
| 5-8 | E鈾?minor | Contrast |
| 9-12 | B鈾?major | Return to the main theme |
Similar to the first movement, this movement begins with a statement in B鈾?major, followed by a contrasting section in E鈾?minor. However, the development section of this movement is more complex, featuring chromaticism and modulations to distant keys. The recapitulation brings back the main theme, but with some variations, creating a sense of evolution and growth.
Harmonic Analysis of the Third Movement
The third movement, “Rondo: Allegro,” is a lively and rhythmic piece. Its harmonic analysis reveals a simpler structure compared to the previous movements.
| Measure | Harmony | Function |
|---|---|---|
| 1-4 | B鈾?major | Thematic statement |
| 5-8 | E鈾?minor | Contrast |
| 9-12 | B鈾?major | Return to the main theme |
The movement follows a simple A-B-A form, with the main theme in B鈾?major and the